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Cynara cardunculus L., it is a perennial herb,  to 2 m high,Taproots fleshy, the stems glabrous to densely arachnoid-tomentose, with leaves to 80 cm long and 40 cm wide., Life Form: Ch, Flowering in: Apr-Jun,   Vern: Shouk el bill., Phytochoria: ES+MED, The native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit.  Notes: Wild in Libya, medicinal plant.

For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:200876-1,  http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000013358,  https://www.gbif.org/species/3112364, https://www.maltawildplants.com/ASTR/Cynara_cardunculus.php,   https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/cynara_cardunculus.htm,  http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1696,   http://biodiversitycyprus.blogspot.com/2016/03/cynara-cardunculus-l-cyprus.html

 

Distribution in Libya
Al-Jafarah Plain Zliten-Misurata Plain Sirte Plains
Bin-ghashir, (35 km) from Tripoli 1978 Jafara Plain (Wadi Ghado) 2015 Sidi-Omeer 2016 Sabratha 2019 Sabratha region 2020 Leptus Megna 2004 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006 (7 Km) SE of Sitre City 2008
Benghazi Plain Jabal Nafusa Al-Jabal Al-Akhder
Reported from (20 km) W. of Benghazi by Kieth. Qaminas to Ajdabia (Slouk plain) 2006 Jardina-Soloq Region 2020 Reported from Kussbat by Kieth . Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Gasar Akhiar, Ghanima 2016 Tarhuna (Terghlat.) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020 Wadi Kaam (Dam & lake) 2022 Reported from Cyrenica region by Kieth . Wadi Al-Agar 1999 Wadi El-Shees 2014 Sidi Abu-Ras 2017 Ain Mara 2020

 

Bibliographic references:  
First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:  
Jafri, S. M. H. & El-Gadi, A. (1983) Flora of Libya, Asteraceae Vol. (107) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya.
Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses , Sorted by Newest: pdf files
Almushghub, F., Ahmed, D., Sharaf El-Din, A., Shaltout, k. (2022) Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya. Journal of Basic and Environmental Sciences, 9 (2022) 20-37. https://bit.ly/3AJ2ASJ  , https://jbesci.org/viewp.php?files=published/9.1.3.pdf&id=213 , https://jbesci.org/published/9.1.3.pdf Wadi Kaam 2022
Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://bit.ly/3Lop40u , https://scienceq.org/floristic-study-of-selected-districts-in-sabratha-region-libya.php Sabratha region Libya 2020
Al-Maqsabi, F. M. & Makhlouf, M. A. (2020) Vegetation cover in the Ain Mara region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region – Libya. The Libyan Journal of Science (An International Journal): Volume 23, 2020. (In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/article/view/122, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farag-Elmokasabi-2 Vegetation Cover of Ain Mara 2020
El-Ahmir, S.M., Mahklouf, M.H., Shanta, M.B., Abo-Jaafer, H.A. (2020) Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District-Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology. Volume 8 / Issue 1. ISSN: 2348-7313. https://bit.ly/3VkL3Khhttps://scienceq.org/floristic-study-of-sedrores-mountains-in-gharyan-district-libya.php Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan 2020
Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php, https://bit.ly/3LgL0KQ https://scienceq.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JABZV7I304.pdf Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya 2020
Omar, N., Alai, M.A. & Al-Zerbi, A.K. (2020) A Survey of Weed Species of Barley Crop Fields in Farms of GMR Agricultural Project in Jardina-Soloq Region, Libya. Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences, Vol: 11, No: 1, P: 29-38, August. 2020. https://bit.ly/40Und9s , https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naser-Omarhttps://ljbs.omu.edu.ly/vol11no1august-2020/ Weed Species of Jardina-Soloq Region 2020
Saed, Z.H. S., Abohbell, H.A., Mahklouf, M. H. (2019) Floristic Analysis of the Family Asteraceae in Sabratha city- Libya. American Journal of Life Science Researches 2019; 7(1): 18-25 Published online January, 2019  http://mail.diili.org/ojs-2.4.6/index.php/ajlsr/article/view/273/0 Asteraceae in Sabratha city 2019
Beit Al-Mal, A. G. & El-Hadar, I. A. (2018) An analytical study of vegetation (Case Study: Targhalat, Tarhouna Municipality, Libya.Special issue of the second annual conference on theories and applications Basic and Biological Sciences. 1 September 2018. http://www.misuratau.edu.ly/2nd_conf/2nd_conf_Article_032_Pages_304-317.pdf الغطاء النباتي بترغلات ترهونه 2018
El-Zerbi, A. K. & Al-Aib, M.A. (2017) Study of vegetation cover in Sidi Bouras region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering JESE, VOL. 1, No. 1, January 2017. (In Arabic) http://jese.uoa.edu.ly/JESE_V1N1/JESE_V1N1P11.pdf سيدي ابو راس 2017_compressed
Najah, A. M. (2016) The Natural Plant (Sidi Omir-Kasr El Khiar-Ghanima) as a model. Journal of Humanities, Scientific and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Qasr Kheyar, Al-Mirqab University, Issue 2, pp. (109-145). (In Arabic) http://khsj.elmergib.edu.ly/2016_2_ar.pdf  
Abu Hadra, M. N. & Harkat, Z. M. (2015) A taxonomic study of the components of vegetation cover and notes on the environmental impact of Wadi Ghado in the Jafara Plain region in Libya. Professor magazine-Issue 8-University of Tripoli.(In Arabic) https://uotpa.org.ly/alostath/index.php/alostath/issue/view/8 وادي غدو سهل الجفارة 2015_compressed
Shaltout ,K, Fawzy,M., Galal T., Awad M., El-Barasi Y., Saeed, B. (2014) Impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of Wadi El-Shees, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Feddes Repertorium 2014, 125, 1-13 DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201400023 http://uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/7a17e-094.pdf Wadi El-Shees 2014
Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic)  
Al-Aib, M. A. and El-Shakhy, N. O. (2008) Weed flora of great man made river agriculture project (sirte). Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, Vol.102, Issue 3: 241-25. https://bit.ly/3njkLeH, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed-Alaib  
Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic)  
Al-Maghrabi A.S.S.(2006) Study of the vegetation and seed bank of the zone of Ghaminis and Agedabia (Slouk plain), Master of Science Thesis, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Graduated Studies, Benghazi Branch, Libya, 2006. (In Arabic)  
Al-Shf, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic)  
El-Komati, A. F. (2004) Medicinal plants in the Shapiat of Marqab, their distribution, classification and importance. Master Thesis. Biology Department- Faculty of Science-Al-Marqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic)  
Al-Hamadi R.I.(1999) Floristic and ecological study of wadi Al-Agar, Master Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic)