| Euphorbia retusa Forssk., it is a perennating herb, up to 40 cm tall, glabrous, glauceseent, often much branched from the base, with somewhat fistular stems and thick fleshy tap root. Cauline leaves subfleshy, ovate-oblong, variable, smaller; margin entire or obscurely serrulate, sessile. Ray or ray let leaves 2-3, broadened and cordate at base, caudatc-acuminate, pectinate-serrate, often recurvcd at tip, usually much larger and broader than the cauline leaves. Cyathium glands transversely ovate, with 2-4, shorl horns at edge or palmately 6-10-cleft. Capsules 5-6 mm, ovate, oblongish, somewhat constricted above the middle, rounded, glabrous, smooth. Seeds 2-2.5 mm, with 4 prominent, and some shorter lobes on large, submembranous caruncle. Life Form: Ch, Flowering in: Feb.-May, Vern: Lebbana, Phytochoria: SA, The native range of this species is Mauritania, N. Africa to Jordan and Arabian Peninsula. Notes: Wild in Libya, a desert species.
For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348042-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/348042-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000964416, https://www.gbif.org/species/3068128, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/106179/euphorbia-retusa-forssk, https://www.floraofqatar.com/euphorbia_retusa.htm, https://flora.org.il/en/plants/EUPRET/, https://www.teline.fr/en/photos/euphorbiaceae/euphorbia-retusa, https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en/page/view/item/71089.html |
| Distribution in Libya | ||
| Al-Jafarah Plain | Zliten-Misurata Plain | Sirte Plains |
| Wadi Al Atal 1975, 1976 | Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006,2015 Misurata (Sassu Valley) 2016 | Bougrain to Al Buayrat 1967 Sirte 2015, 2016 Wadi Soofejeen 2017 |
| Benghazi Plain | Jabal Nafusa | Al-Jabal Al-Akhder |
| Ajdabia (Al-Bedan) 2016 | Rhnem-Yefren, (108 km) S.E. Jado 1970 Kabao 1976 Wadi Kaam 2017 Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020 | Wadi El-Kouf 2014 |
| Marmarica Plateau | Al-Qibla area | Ghadames area |
| Marmarica (north-eastern part of Libya) 2002 | Wadi Nesma region 2009 Wadis South of Mizda 2013 | Ain Migzim, (10 km) from main road and turning of main road from Ghadames, (184 km) from Nalut to Ghadames 1975 |
| Al-Jufra area | ||
| (30 km) from Hun to Bugrain 1973 (50 km) from Hun to Bugrain 1976 Wadi Soegin, (12 km) from Faghe to Zella, (52 km) from Bugrain to Hun 1978 | ||
| Bibliographic references: | |
| First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan: | |
| Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1982) Flora of Libya, Euphorbiaceae Vol. (89) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. | |
| Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses , Sorted by Newest: | pdf files |
| Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/, https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1 | An updated Marmarica Plateau flora 2021 |
| El-Ahmir, S.M., Mahklouf, M.H., Shanta, M.B., Abo-Jaafer, H.A. (2020) Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District-Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology. Volume 8 / Issue 1. ISSN: 2348-7313. https://bit.ly/3VkL3Kh, https://scienceq.org/floristic-study-of-sedrores-mountains-in-gharyan-district-libya.php | Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan 2020 |
| Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic) http://www.asmarya.edu.ly/journal2/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JMSET06-3-1-20171.pdf | وادي كعام ومناطق اخري 2017 |
| Aljarroushi, M.M. & Almedham, K. E. (2016) Geographical distribution and Life form of plants in Sassu Valley, Misurata area, Libya. Al-satil Vol. 10 No. 15 March 2016. https://bit.ly/3Ntrqh6, https://search.mandumah.com/Record/813441 | Sassu Valley 2016 |
| Elsayed, N. (2016) Relationship between Vegetation and Soil Seed Bank at Protected Versus Unprotected Sites at Coastal Habitats in Libya.CATRINA (2016), 15 (1): 59-68. https://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=mSAskW0AAAAJ&hl=en , https://cat.journals.ekb.eg/article_18337_76652686b5c99f5fd479aebab87fbcb4.pdf | Surt region in Libya 2016 |
| El-Zerbi, A. K. , Al-Borki, A. S., Al-Aib, M.A.(2016) Study of vegetation in Protected Al-Bedan southeast of Ajdabiya, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-No. (2) Volume (2) December 2016. ISSN: 2413-5267(In Arabic) http://www.asmarya.edu.ly/journal/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JMSET01-2-2-2016-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf | الغطاء النباتي بمحمية البيضان 2016 |
| Aljarroushi, M.M. & Almedham, K.E. (2015) Natural plant cover composition in Misurata area, Libya. Assiut Journal for Environmental Studies-42nd issue-July 2015. (In Arabic) | |
| Elsayed M. A. N. (2015) Floristic Composition of the Plant Cover at Surt Region in Libya. Catrina (2015), 12 (1): 63-71-2010 By the Egyptian society for environmental SCIENCES. https://cat.journals.ekb.eg/article_18403_37c687e375b9144800a15704e68ebad7.pdf | Plant Cover at Surt Region 2015 |
| El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSI Publications,2014DOI:10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.08.12375. https://bit.ly/3VtCvAA, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf | Plant Species at Wadi Alkuf 2014 |
| Mohamed, F.J. (2013) A Taxonomic Study of Wadis Flora South of Mizda at the intersections with Mizda-Sebha Highway. Master Thesis. Department of Botany-Faculty of Science-Sebha University. Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Bahri, N.M. (2009) Study of the vegetation covers of Wadi Nesma region, northwest of Libya. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, College of Science, Sebha University, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Al-Shf, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| El-Shaary M.S. (2002). The Natural Vegetation in Marmarica plateau (North-eastern Libya). First ed. Tobruk (Libya): Published by the local Authority. (In Arabic) |
