| Ceratonia siliqua L., it is a Tree reaching 5-10 meters. Leaves evergreen, paripinnate, with 3-5 pairs of oval leaflets, entire, pinnately veined, leathery, shiny above, paler below, stipules very deciduous. Flowers greenish, very small, numerous, in oblong clusters, erect, axillary, briefly pedunculated. Calyx deciduous, small, red, with 5 oval lobes. Corolla less, petals absent. 5 free stamens, opposite the sepals, spreading, long projecting, stigma sessile, at the head. Pendulous pods, 12-20 cm by 2, flexuous, thick, leathery, pulpy, with 12-16 ovoid, brown seeds. Life Form: Ph, Flowering in: Sep-Nov, Vern: Kharob, Phytochoria: MED, The native range of this species is Medit. to Iran. Notes: Wild in Libya, medicinal plant, Endangered Plant in Libya.
For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:485647-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/485647-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000165151, https://www.gbif.org/species/5356354, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/63200/ceratonia-siliqua-l, https://www.maltawildplants.com/CSPL/Ceratonia_siliqua.php, https://www.florealpes.com/fiche_ceratonia.php, https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/ceratonia/ceratonia-siliqua/, https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=8569, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratonia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carob |
| Distribution in Libya | ||
| Al-Jafarah Plain | Zliten-Misurata Plain | Benghazi Plain |
| Sidi-Omeer 2016 | Leptus Megna 2004 | Wadi El-Ghattara 2010 |
| Jabal Nafusa | Al-Jabal Al-Akhder | Marmarica Plateau |
| Ain Rumia, near Yefren؟؟؟ Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Gasar Akhiar, Ghanima 2016 Msallata (Shaafien) 2017 Tarhuna (Sok-El-Ahed) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 | Wadi El-Teir, (24 km) W. Derna 1967 Gebel Akhder, Baida, Shahat 1975 (15,20 km) E. Susa, Ras El-Hilal 1977 El-kouf area 1984 Wadi Al-Agar 1999 Wadi Zaza 2003 El-Hamamah to Biada 2003 Al-bakur 2007 Wadi (Valley) Stowah region 2007 Wadi El-Akar, Wadi Algharega, Wadi El-Kouf 2011 Al-Mansora 2013 Valley Jarjr-oma 2013 Wadi El-Kouf 2014 Between Labrag and Shahat 2014 Wadi Al-Zaqzuq, Al-Hania 2014 Wadi Haboon 2015 Wadi Belkaf-Bata 2016 Derisia (Talmeta), Tocra-Al-Bakur, Barce, Shahat-Susa, Susa-Derna, Tocra-Wadi El-Akar El-Merj, Wadi El-Akar-El-Merj Wadi El-Akar, Wadi El-Kouf 2016 Susah, Shahat, Sidi Ahmad Al-Hemery, Al-Marj-Al-Baida motorway, El-Beida (Belghra), Wadi El-Kouf 2017 Maibra 2017 Wadi Zaza, Wadi Al-Ager, Wadi Jarjar-Omma, Wadi Ras Al-Hilal 2017 Maibra 2017 Wadi Derna 2017 Jarjar-oma, Al-Mansora 2017 Assdod, Wadi Balarid, Wadi Butuma, Al-Tayes, Wadi Al-Aesh, Wadi Kaab 2018 Wadi Om-El-Amaym 2019 From Nuqrat Said to Wadi Al-Zagzoog, From Zawiet Tamula to Al-Manarh 2019 Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj 2020 Ain Mara 2020 Wadi Al-Kouf 2021 Al-Mansura to Settia 2021 Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2021 | Reported in Marmarica north-eastern part of Libya by Pampanini 1930 (60 km) before Tobruk 1977 From Tobruk to Egyptian Border 1999 Dafna region (Tobruk to Msaid) 2008 |
| Al-Kufra area | ||
| Al-Kufra 2018 | ||
| Bibliographic references: | |
| First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan: | |
| Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1978) Flora of Libya, Caesalpiniaceae Vol. (61) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. | |
| Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest: | pdf files |
| Al-Ajil, K.I., Masoud, M. J., Mustafa, H. M. (2021) The effect of urban sprawl on vegetation covers in Al-Mansura and Settia. Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya. The Libyan International Journal- Issue (52) -ISSN 2518-5845 – College of Science Al-Marj-University of Benghazi. (In Arabic) https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LdqR2LgAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://repository.uob.edu.ly/handle/123456789/1571 | الغطاء النباتي في المنصورة وسطية الجبل الاخضر 2021 |
| Al-Traboulsi, M. & Alaib, M.A. (2021) A Survey of medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. NAT. CROAT, VOL. 30. No 2. (389-404), ZAGREB. December 31, 2021. https://hrcak.srce.hr/269442 /, https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/390805 | Medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf 2021 |
| Mohamed, A.H., Mosallam, H.A., Sergwa, S.S., Gibreel, M.A. (2021) Impact of Edaphic Factors on Vegetation Composition in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Egypt. J. Bot., Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 191-201 (2021) https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_119404.html | Impact of Edaphic Factors 2021_compressed |
| Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/, https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1 | An updated Marmarica Plateau flora 2021 |
| Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php, https://bit.ly/3LgL0KQ, https://scienceq.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JABZV7I304.pdf | Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya 2020 |
| Al-Maqsabi, F. M. & Makhlouf, M. A. (2020) Vegetation cover in the Ain Mara region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region – Libya. The Libyan Journal of Science (An International Journal): Volume 23, 2020. (In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/article/view/122 | Vegetation Cover of Ain Mara 2020 |
| Saleh, M. M., & Lachhab, S. R. (2020) Plant diversity in Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj city-Libya. Aref Journal for Human Studies- Issue (5) 2020, Pp. (3-65) Ajdabiya University-Libya. (In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb | نباتات منطقة التنين 2020_compressed |
| Ali, A. M., Lashhab, S. R., Abu-Aweena, A. A.M. (2019) Classification of vegetation cover and its geographical distribution in the area extending between Al-Haniya and Wadi Zagzoog in the north to Lasastata and Bishtaya in the south. Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar eastern Libya. Issue (61) Journal of Science and Human Studies- Al-Marj-University of Benghazi-Libya (In Arabic) https://bit.ly/42bAJX1, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/fdl-allh-altlhy | |
| El-farse, M.H. (2019) Study of the vegetation of Wadi Om-El-Amaym in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region. Master Thesis- department of environmental science and engineering, Academy of post graduate studies, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. https://bit.ly/3p26EuO, http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html | Floristic Study for Tarhuna 2018 |
| Mohamed, M. I. & Bouhabbal, A.A. (2018) A study on plant diversity in the Kufra depression. The fifth Scientific Conference of Environment and Sustainable Development in the Arid and Semi- Arid Regions (ICESD) -From 23-25 July-2018. Ajdabiya University-Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Mubarak, A. M.A., Lashhab, S. R. H. (2018) Charcoal manufacturing and its impact on the deterioration of vegetation cover in the area between Merad Massoud and Asdos in Al Jabal Al Akhdar-eastern Libya. Journal of Science and Human Studies-Al-Marj-Issue 58 – 15 / November 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb | التفحيم واثرة على الغطاء النباتي2018 |
| Ab-Aziza, F.B., El–Barasi, Y.M. and Rahil, R.O. (2017) Flora, Vegetation and Human Activities of Wadi Derna-El-Jabal. Research article I Botany l Version 1. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebeh-Rahil | Vegetation Wadi Derna 2017 |
| Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic) http://www.asmarya.edu.ly/journal2/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JMSET06-3-1-20171.pdf | وادي كعام ومناطق اخري 2017 |
| Abusaief, H. M. A. (2017) Similarities between elevations in a rare species of some locations at Al- Jabal Al-Akhdar in Libya. International Journal of Environment ISSN 2077-4505.Volume: 06 Issue: 03 July-Sept. 2017, Page: 78-102. http://www.curresweb.com/ije/ije/2017/78-102.pdf | Similarities between elevations in a rare species 2017_compressed |
| Abusaief, H.M.A. & Alwishish, F.M. (2017) Survey of endangered plants and description the seeds in some sites at Al-JabalAl-Akhdar of Libya. Curr. Sci. Int., 6 (3): 511-539, 2017 ISSN 2077-4435. http://www.curresweb.com/csi/csi/2017/511-539.pdf | Survey of endangered at Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2017_compressed |
| Dakeel, E. H., Alaib, M. A., & Asker, A. M. (2017). Comparative Study of Medicinal Plants in Al Mansora and Jarjar oma, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya [Version 1; awaiting peer review]. Control, 1, 4. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jIAXOgMAAAAJ&hl=en, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdelbaset-Askar | Medicinal Plants in Al Mansora and Jarjar oma 2017 |
| Mosallam, H.A.M., Hashim, A.M., Sergiwa, S.S., Gibreel, M.A.(2017) Size Distribution of Some Endangered Plant Species, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Egypt. J. Bot., Vol. 57, No, 1. Pp.181- 197 (2017). https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2500.html | Some Endangered Plant in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2017 |
| Mukassabi, T.A., Thomas,P.A., ELMogasapi, A.(2017) Medicinal plants in Cyrenaica, Libya: existence and extinction. Biological Diversity and Conservation – 10/2 (2017) 183-192. https://bit.ly/44GKtLd, https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/4064/ | Medicinal plants in Cyrenaica 2017 |
| Al-Aib, M.A., Elbakkosh, A.M., Ali, Y.B., Gadelmola, A.S., Elmhafdi, A.M. (2016) Preliminary Investigation of the Vegetation of Wadi Belkaf-Bata Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya. Libyan Journal of Basic Science (LJBS) Vol: 4, No: 1, PP: 20-27., 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed-Alaib | Wadi Belkaf- Bata Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2016 |
| Hegazy, A.; Kabiel, H.; AlRowaily, S.; Lovett-Doust,L. and AlBorki, A. (2016) Plant communities and reproductive phenology in mountainous regions of northern Libya. Journal of Forestry Research. July 2017, Volume 28, Issue 4, pp 741–761. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-016-0345-8, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad-Hegazy-2 | |
| Najah, A. M. (2016) The Natural Plant (Sidi Omir-Kasr El Khiar-Ghanima) as a model. Journal of Humanities, Scientific and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Qasr Kheyar, Al-Mirqab University, Issue 2, pp. (109-145). (In Arabic) http://khsj.elmergib.edu.ly/2016_2_ar.pdf | |
| El-Rabiai, G.T. & Al tira, M. (2015) Checklist of the Flora of Wadi Haboon at AI Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 6(8-9): Aug-Sep, 2015:4661-4665] Coden (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 http://uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/27a3a-wadi-haboon.pdf | Wadi Haboon at AI Jabal AI Akhdar 2015 |
| Ahmed, H. M. (2014) Assessment of natural vegetation in the area between Abraq and Shahat in the south and the coastline in the north. Journal of Science and Human Studies-Al-Marj. Issue 4-ISSN: 2312-4962 Benghazi University. (In Arabic) https://www.merefa2000.com/2022/04/blog-post_12.html, http://uob.edu.ly/pages/page/38/900 | الغطاء النباتي شحات الابرق_compressed |
| Ali, A. M. (2014) Indicators of deterioration of natural vegetation cover in the area extending between Al-Bayada and Zawiyat Al-Arqoub and from Wadi Al-Zaqzouq and Al-Haniyah area in the north in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar in eastern Libya. International Journal of Environment & Water, ISSN 2052-3408, Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/bdalmnm-ambark | |
| El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSI Publications,2014 DOI:10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.08.12375. https://bit.ly/3VtCvAA, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf | Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf 2014 |
| Abusaief, H. M. A. (2013) Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar on Mediterranean Sea. Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0905/029_17747am0905_236_249.pdf | Jarjar oma in Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar 2013 |
| Abusaief, H. M. A. and Dakhil, A. H. (2013) The floristic composition of Rocky habitat of Al Mansora in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar- Libya. New York Science Journal 2013; 6(5). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Huda-Abusaief | Al Mansora in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2013 |
| Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Hegazyi, A.K., Boulos, L., Kabiel, H.F. and Sharashy, O.S. (2011) Vegetaion and species altitudinal distribution in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar landscape, Libya. Pak. J. Bot., 43(4): 1885-1898, 2011. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad-Hegazy-2 | Vegetaion in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar landscape 2011 |
| El-Rabiai, G.T., Al tira, F.M., Lamlom, S.H. (2010) Preliminary Checklist for the Flora of Wadi El Ghattara in Libya. Garyounis University Press Journal of Science and Its Applications Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 39-47, December 2010. http://sc.uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/5c3e5-39-47.pdf | Flora of Wadi El Ghattara 2010 |
| Barrani, M. W. (2008) A study of environmental degradation factors in the semi-desert Dafna region-Libya. Master Thesis-Department of Science and environmental engineering-Postgraduate Academy Benghazi branch. (In Arabic) | |
| Mohammed, S.A.H. (2008) A taxonomic and ecological study of the plants of the Shaafin Reserve in Masalatah. Master Thesis. Department of Biology-Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Al-Mirqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Abd Al-lkhaleq, Y. M. (2007) Vegetation Coverage of El-Bakur Highlands in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Garyounis University, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Nawras, A. M. B. (2007) A study of the vegetation cover in the Wadi (Valley) Stowah region. Master Thesis. Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University-Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| El-Komati, A. F. (2004) Medicinal plants in the Shapiat of Marqab, their distribution, classification and importance. Master Thesis. Biology Department- Faculty of Science-Al-Marqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Al-Sodany, Y. M., Shehata, M. N. & Shaltout, K. H. (2003): Vegetation along an elevation gradient in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. ecologia mediterranea, tome 29, fascicule 2, 2003, p. 125-138. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yassin-Al-Sodany, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kamal-Shaltout | Vegetation an elevation in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2003 |
| El-Barasi, Y. M., EI-Sherif, l. M. & Gawhari, A. M. H.(2003) Checklist and analysis of the flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at AI-Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). Bocconea 16 (2): 1091-1105. 2003. – ISSN 1120-4060. https://bit.ly/3VowJ3q, http://www.herbmedit.org/bocconea/16-1091.pdf | flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza 2003_compressed |
| Al-Hamadi R.I.(1999) Floristic and ecological study of Wadi Al-Agar, Master Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| EL-Habony, A.M. (1999) Vegetation and flora of a sector along Mediterranean cost of Libya from Tobruk to Egyptian border, M.Sc. Thesis, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| ACSAD (1984) Wadi Al-Kouf National Park Studies Project. Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands. |
