| Euphorbia paralias L., it is a perennial herbaceous species that can reach 60 cm high, glabrous, glaucous, although sometimes reddened, somewhat fleshy and branched from the base. Stems with leaves arranged very tightly. Leaves entire, adaxially concave, imbricate; the basal ones oblong-obovate, the middle ones oblong-elliptical, the upper ones lanceolate to ovate. Pleocasians with 3–6 rays, forked 1–3 times. Pleocasial bracts cordate, ovate or suborbicular, entire. Fruits (tricoch capsules) exserted, depressed, deeply furrowed, rough, glabrous, dehiscent. Seeds broadly ovoid, smooth, light gray, mottled with brown. Lateral caruncle, small, sessile, quickly drooping. Minimally reticulated-foveate surface. Life Form: H, Flowering in: Jan-Apr, Vern: Lebbana, Phytochoria: ES+MED, The native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit., Europe to W. Caucasus. Notes: Wild in Libya/
For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:347659-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/347659-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000963826, https://www.gbif.org/species/3069761, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/106152/euphorbia-paralias-l, https://www.atlasdesemillasdecanarias.org/atlas/ficha.php?ID=133, https://flora.org.il/en/plants/euppar/, https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/euphorbia_paralias.htm, http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Euphorbiaparalias_page.htm, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_paralias |
| Distribution in Libya | ||
| Al-Jafarah Plain | Zliten-Misurata Plain | Sirte Plains |
| (10,20 km) R. of Tripoli 1966 Tripoli, Sorman 1974 (50 km) from Tripoli before Sabrata 1975 Talil 1976 Sabratha region 2020 Coastal of Tripoli 2020 | Leptis Magna 1974, 1975 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006, 2008 Zliten coast 2022 | Wadi Jarf project, (20 km) before Sirte 1978 |
| Benghazi Plain | Jabal Nafusa | Al-Jabal Al-Akhder |
| Zweitina area (Sandy beach) 2016 Beach sand dunes in Karkurah 2021 | (5 km) after Khoms 1974 Wadi Kaam 1978 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 | Valley Jarjr-oma 2013 Wadi El-Kouf 2014 |
| Marmarica Plateau | ||
| Reported in Marmarica north-eastern part of Libya by Pampanini 1930 From Tobruk to Egyptian Border 1999 Marmarica (north-eastern part of Libya) 2002 | ||
| Bibliographic references: | |
| First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan: | |
| Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1982) Flora of Libya, Euphorbiaceae Vol. (89) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. | |
| Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest: | pdf files |
| El-karnawdy, F.O.M., Abogmiza, A.F.M., Alsouyid, H.M.M., Ajaj. K.A.K. (2022) Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast, Libya. 5th International African conference on current studies. February 2-5, 2022 Cairo, Egypt. | Zliten coast 2022 |
| Alteerah, M.A., El-Barasi, Y.M., Ali Alwerfally, A. (2021) Vegetation cover composition and seed bank study of beach sand dunes in Karkurah coastal area, east of Libya. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi , https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Munay-Alteerah | Karkurah coastal area 2021 |
| Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/, https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1 | An updated Marmarica Plateau flora 2021 |
| Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://bit.ly/3Lop40u , https://scienceq.org/floristic-study-of-selected-districts-in-sabratha-region-libya.php | Sabratha region Libya 2020 |
| Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Biodiversity of the coastal flora of Tripoli Province. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 58: 13-19, 2020. BRC www.brc.amu.edu.pl, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/pdf-127341-54763?filename=Biodiversity%20of%20the.pdf, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/Issue-58-2020,9131 | coastal flora of Tripoli 2020 |
| Daidah AM, Mugassby MF (2016) Study of the vegetation of coastal sand dune in Zwaitina area. Eastern Libya. Proceeding of the Fourth Scientific Conference of Environment and Sustainable Development in the Arid and Semi- Arid Regions (ICESD); 2016 Nov 20–22; Ajdabiya (Libya); p. 857–864 (In Arabic). | الغطاء النباتي بالشاطئ الرملي الزويتينة 2016 |
| El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSI Publications,2014DOI:10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.08.12375. https://bit.ly/3VtCvAA, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf | Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf 2014 |
| Abusaief, H. M. A. (2013) Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar on Mediterranean Sea. Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0905/029_17747am0905_236_249.pdf | Jarjar oma in Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar 2013 |
| Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Baayo, Kh. A. (2008): Floristic composition and Phytochorological Analysis of Misratah area, Libya, Assiut Univ.J. of Botany 37(2), P-P. 33-78 (2008) | |
| Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Al-Shf, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| El-Shaary M.S. (2002). The Natural Vegetation in Marmarica plateau (North-eastern Libya). First ed. Tobruk (Libya): Published by the local Authority. (In Arabic) | |
| EL-Habony, A.M. (1999) Vegetation and flora of a sector along Mediterranean cost of Libya from Tobruk to Egyptian border, M.Sc. Thesis, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic) |
