| Olea europaea L. // Infraspecifics: Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif., Olea europaea subsp. europaea / Heterotypic Synonyms: Olea europaea var. oleaster (Hoffmanns & Link) A.DC., Olea europaea var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr, it is an evergreen trees, up to 12 m tall, bark greenish-grey. Branches quadrangular when young, opposite or in whorls of 3, slightly silvery lepidote. Leaves decussate, lanceolate or oblong to oblong-ovate or obovate, 5-8 cm long, 0.5-1.5 mm broad, apiculate, rarely obtuse or emarginate, slightly revolute, coriaceous, evergreen, dark green and glabrous or sparsely stellate peltate lepidote above, densely silvery-grey lepidote beneath, sub sessile, petiole 2-5 mm. Inflorescence simple or paniculate axillary or terminal paniculate racemes borne on straight peduncle, slightly shorter than the leaves. Calyx persistent, cup-shaped, gamosepalous, hyaline, minute, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla white or white-greenish, or creamish, gamopetalous, tube short, lobes 4, rounded-ovate, spreading, obtuse, involute, sometimes absent. Stamens 2, shorter than corolla, exserted, attached to the mouth of the tube, filament short, and anthers ovaloid, large. Inflorescence simple or paniculate axillary or terminal paniculate racemes borne on straight peduncle, slightly shorter than the leaves. Calyx persistent, cup-shaped, gamosepalous, hyaline, minute, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla white or white-greenish, or creamish, gamopetalous, tube short, lobes 4, rounded-ovate, spreading, obtuse, involute, sometimes absent. Stamens 2, shorter than corolla, exserted, attached to the mouth of the tube, filament short, and anthers ovaloid, large. Ovary superior, bilocular, with 2 pendulous ovules in each loculus, of these only one developing into seed. Fruit an oblong subglobose drupe, violet or almost black, obtuse or pointed, 1-2 (-3.5) cm long. Seeds endospermic 6-20 mm. Life Form: Ph , Flowering in: Feb-Mar, Vern: Zayton bare, Phytochoria: S.Cosm , The native range of this species is Africa, Medit. to S. Central China. Notes: Wild in Libya.
For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610675-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/610675-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000817273, https://www.gbif.org/species/5415040, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/149209/olea-europaea-l, https://www.maltawildplants.com/OLEA/Olea_europaea.php, https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/olea-europaea/?lang=en, https://www.preservons-la-nature.fr/flore/taxon/3049.html, https://www.teline.fr/en/photos/oleaceae/olea-europaea-subsp.-europaea-var.-sylvestris, http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=14&id=10814 |
| Distribution in Libya | ||
| Benghazi Plain | Jabal Nafusa | Al-Jabal Al-Akhder |
| Wadi El-Ghattara 2010 Between Slouk and Al-Abiar 2016 Wadi El-Enaghar 2021 | Wadi Malah, (10 km) from Nalut 1972 Kickla on way to Yefren, (3 km) behond Kabao,Wazen 1977 Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Msallata (Shaafien) 2017 | Wadi El-Kouf to Baida, Susa to Ras El-Hilal 1970 El-kouf area 1984 Wadi Al-Agar 1999 Wadi Zaza 2003 El-Hamamah to Biada 2003 El-bakur 2007 Wadi (Valley) Stowah region 2007 S. of AL-Marj 2011 Wadi El-Akar, Wadi Algharega, Wadi El-Kouf 2011 Al-Mansora 2013 Wadi El- Shees 2014 Wadi El-Kouf 2014 Wadi Haboon 2015 Derisia (Talmeta) 2016 Susah, Shahat, Sidi Ahmad Al-Hemery, Al-Marj-Al-Baida motorway, El-Beida (Belghra), Wadi El-Kouf 2017 Balghara 2017 Wadi Zaza, Wadi Al-Ager, Wadi Jarjar-Omma, Wadi Ras Al-Hilal 2017 Wadi Derna 2017 Assdod, Wadi Balarid, Wadi Butuma, Al-Tayes, Wadi Al-Aesh, Wadi Kaab 2018 Wadi Om-El-Amaym 2019 From Zawiet Tamula to Al-Manarh, From Lustata to Beshtaya 2019 Al-Abiar (Sidi Amohamed forest) 2020 Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj 2020 Ain Mara 2020 Wadi Al-Kouf 2021 Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2021 Al-Harera, Sambar, Senyara, Ras Al-Helal, Blekhna, Boshmaro, Satlona, Wadi El-Kuf, Salion, Wseta, Al-Hamam, Werdama 2024
|
| Jabal Al-Uwinat | ||
| Gebel Uweinat 1968 | ||
| Bibliographic references: | |
| First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan: | |
| Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1977) Flora of Libya, Oleaceae Vol. (39) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. | |
| Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest: | pdf files |
| Ali, E.S., Mazik, K.M., Abaidalah, A.S. (2024) Study of morphological differences of wild olive ( Olea europaea L., var. sylvestris) in the Jabal Akhdar region in northern Libya. Al-Bayan Scientific Journal, Issue (17), May 2024, University of Sirte, Libya. https://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/bayan/article/view/2751 | wild olive ( Olea europaea var. sylvestris, in the Jabal Akhdar region 2024 |
| Al-Traboulsi, M. & Alaib, M.A. (2021) A Survey of medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. NAT. CROAT, VOL. 30. No 2. (389-404), ZAGREB. December 31, 2021. https://hrcak.srce.hr/269442 / https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/390805 | Medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf 2021 |
| Omar, N., El-Mghrbi, N.G., Rahil, R.O., Alaib, M.A., Alzerbi, A.K. (2021) Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya. Species-22(70), 2021. pp. (204-217). https://bit.ly/41TInWw, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/index.htm, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/A4.pdf | Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya 2021 |
| Mohamed, A.H., Mosallam, H.A., Sergwa, S.S., Gibreel, M.A. (2021) Impact of Edaphic Factors on Vegetation Composition in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Egypt. J. Bot., Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 191-201 (2021) https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_119404.html | Impact of Edaphic Factors 2021 |
| Al-Amrouni, M,M., Al-Zarbi, A., Al-Aeb, M. A. (2020) Study of vegetation cover in Sidi Amohamed forest north of the city of Al-Abyar in the Al-Jabal Al-Al-Akhdar. Libya. Journal of Quality Assurance for Scientific Research-The first issue-April-2020 (In Arabic). https://lqac.org.ly/index.php/april2020/, https://lqac.org.ly/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PDF-1.pdf | غابة سيدي أمحمد شمال مدينة الابيار2020 |
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| Saleh, M. M., & Lachhab, S. R. (2020) Plant diversity in Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj city-Libya. Aref Journal for Human Studies- Issue (5) 2020, Pp. (3-65) Ajdabiya University-Libya. (In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb | Vegetation Cover of Ain Mara 2020 |
| Ali, A. M., Lashhab, S. R., Abu-Aweena, A. A.M. (2019) Classification of vegetation cover and its geographical distribution in the area extending between Al-Haniya and Wadi Zagzoog in the north to Lasastata and Bishtaya in the south. Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar eastern Libya. Issue (61) Journal of Science and Human Studies- Al-Marj-University of Benghazi-Libya (In Arabic) https://bit.ly/42bAJX1, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/fdl-allh-altlhy | |
| El-farse, M.H. (2019) Study of the vegetation of Wadi Om-El-Amaym in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region. Master Thesis- department of environmental science and engineering, Academy of post graduate studies, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Mubarak, A. M.A., Lashhab, S. R. H. (2018) Charcoal manufacturing and its impact on the deterioration of vegetation cover in the area between Merad Massoud and Asdos in Al Jabal Al Akhdar-eastern Libya. Journal of Science and Human Studies-Al-Marj-Issue 58 – 15 / November 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb | التفحيم واثرة على الغطاء النباتي2018 |
| Ab-Aziza, F.B., El–Barasi, Y.M. and Rahil, R.O. (2017) Flora, Vegetation and Human Activities of Wadi Derna-El-Jabal. Research article I Botany l Version 1. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebeh-Rahil | Vegetation Wadi Derna 2017 |
| Abusaief, H. M. A. (2017) Similarities between elevations in a rare species of some locations at Al- Jabal Al-Akhdar in Libya. International Journal of Environment ISSN 2077-4505.Volume: 06 Issue: 03 July-Sept. 2017, Page: 78-102. http://www.curresweb.com/ije/ije/2017/78-102.pdf | Similarities between elevations in a rare species 2017 |
| Abusaief, H.M.A. & Alwishish, F.M. (2017) Survey of endangered plants and description the seeds in some sites at Al-JabalAl-Akhdar of Libya. Curr. Sci. Int., 6 (3): 511-539, 2017 ISSN 2077-4435. http://www.curresweb.com/csi/csi/2017/511-539.pdf | Survey of endangered at Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2017 |
| Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic) http://www.asmarya.edu.ly/journal2/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JMSET06-3-1-20171.pdf | وادي كعام ومناطق اخري 2017 |
| Dakeel, E. H., Alaib, M. A., & Asker, A. M. (2017). Comparative Study of Medicinal Plants in Al Mansora and Jarjar oma, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya [Version 1; awaiting peer review]. Control, 1, 4. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jIAXOgMAAAAJ&hl=en https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdelbaset-Askar | Medicinal Plants in Al Mansora and Jarjar oma 2017 |
| Mosallam, H.A.M., Hashim, A.M., Sergiwa, S.S., Gibreel, M.A.(2017) Size Distribution of Some Endangered Plant Species, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Egypt. J. Bot., Vol. 57, No, 1. Pp.181- 197 (2017). https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2500.html | Some Endangered Plant in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2017 |
| Mukassabi, T.A., Thomas,P.A., ELMogasapi, A.(2017) Medicinal plants in Cyrenaica, Libya: existence and extinction. Biological Diversity and Conservation – 10/2 (2017) 183-192. https://bit.ly/44GKtLd, https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/4064/ | Medicinal plants in Cyrenaica 2017 |
| Hegazy, A.; Kabiel, H.; AlRowaily, S.; Lovett-Doust,L. and AlBorki, A. (2016) Plant communities and reproductive phenology in mountainous regions of northern Libya. Journal of Forestry Research. July 2017, Volume 28, Issue 4, pp 741–761. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-016-0345-8, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad-Hegazy-2 | |
| Raheel, RO. M., El-Borasi, Y. M., El-Barrani, M. W., El-Hassi, S. (2016) Study of Flora and vegetation cover of the semi-desert area between Salouq and Al-Abyar-the first high of Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya, Fourth Scientific Conference for Environment and Sustainable Development In dry and semi-arid areas. Ajdabia. Libya. (In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebeh-Rahil | between Salouq and Al-Abyar 2016 |
| El-Rabiai, G.T. & Al tira, M. (2015) Checklist of the Flora of Wadi Haboon at AI Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 6(8-9): Aug-Sep, 2015:4661-4665] Coden (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126. http://uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/27a3a-wadi-haboon.pdf | Wadi Haboon at AI Jabal AI Akhdar 2015 |
| El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSI Publications,2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi. aejaes. 2014.14.08.12375. https://bit.ly/3VtCvAA, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf | Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf 2014 |
| Shaltout ,K, Fawzy,M., Galal T., Awad M., El-Barasi Y., Saeed, B. (2014) Impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of Wadi El-Shees, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. FeddesRepertorium2014, 125, 1-13 DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201400023. http://uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/7a17e-094.pdf | Wadi El-Shees 2014 |
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| Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| EL-Barasi, Y. M., Barrani, M. W., Abdelsalam, O. EL-Amrouni, N., Mohamad, F. (2011) Check list of flora and vegetation on south EL-Marj zone: south EL-Jabal EL-Akhadar. Libya. Annals of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara-International Journal of Engineering. Tome IX (Year 2011). Fascicule 3. ISSN 1584-2673, 141-146. https://bit.ly/3p7s6hV, http://annals.fih.upt.ro/pdf-full/2011/ANNALS-2011-3-24.pdf | flora and vegetation on south EL-Marj zone 2011 |
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