| Peganum harmala L., it is a glabrous, perennial plants with a woody base. Very branched stems, erect or ascending, up to 50 cm high. Leaves alternate, sessile, deeply and irregularly pinnatisect, somewhat fleshy, with entire, linear-lanceolate, acute lobes; stipules small, linear, acuminate. Long pediceled flowers with 5 persistent, narrowly linear sepals and 5 oblong-elliptical, white petals; stamens, 15. Capsule stipitate, glabrous, subglobose, with persistent style. Seeds c. 3.2–3.45 x 1.7–2.6 x 1–1.3 mm, pale ocher in color, obtriangular or meniscoid, reticulated, with well-defined cell boundaries. Anticlinal cell walls ± straight and thin; concave periclinal walls. Life Form: Ch, Flowering in: Mar-Oct, Vern: Harmal, Phytochoria: MED+IT, The native range of this species is Medit. to Mongolia and India. Notes: Wild in Libya, medicinal plant.
For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774545-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/774545-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000474572, https://www.gbif.org/species/3189912, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/149099/peganum-harmala-l, http://atlasdesemillasdecanarias.org/atlas/ficha.php?ID=86, https://www.teline.fr/en/photos/nitrariaceae/peganum-harmala, https://seedidguide.idseed.org/fact_sheets/peganum-harmala/, http://atlas-sahara.org/Zygophyllaceae/Peganum%20harmala/Peganum%20harmala.html?cat=Zygophyllaceae, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peganum_harmala |
| Distribution in Libya | ||
| Al-Jafarah Plain | Zliten-Misurata Plain | Sirte Plains |
| Wadi Al-Atal 1970 Bir-Ayad 2013 Jafara Plain (Wadi Ghado) 2015 | Leptus Megna 2004 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006, 2008, 2015 Wadi Kaam (Estuary) 2022 Zliten (Wadi EL-Zekr) 2022 Zliten coast 2022 | Sirte 2015, 2016 Wadi Soofejeen 2017 |
| Benghazi Plain | Jabal Nafusa | Al-Jabal Al-Akhder |
| Slouk-Msus road 2000 Msus-Al-Ajramia zone 2004 Qaminas area 2006 Between Slouk and Al-Abiar 2016 Wadi El-Enaghar 2021 | (4 km) W. of Ain Zarga 1970 Gharian, Yefren, (15 km) from Al-Kaleba to Mizda, near Mizda, El-Kaf, Jado (Turmisa) rocky, Wazeen 1974 Nalut-Teji 2016 Wadi Kaam 2017 Al-Assaba 2018 Tarhuna (Terghlat, Sok-El-Ahed) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020 Wadi Kaam (Dam & lake, Main course, Headwaters) 2022 | (20 km) from Al-Gigub?? S. of AL-Marj 2011 Wadi Al-Ager 2017 Wadi Derna 2017 Al-Abiar (Sidi Amohamed forest) 2020 |
| Marmarica Plateau | Al-Qibla area | |
| Reported in Marmarica north-eastern part of Libya by Pampanini 1930 Wadi Al-Ramla, (5 km) N.of Al-Makhili 1967 (70 km) from Derna on way to Tobruk, (21 km) before Al-Tamimi, between Tobruk and Al-Tamimi, (70 km) from Masaid to Tobruk 1975 From Tobruk to Egyptian Border 1999 Marmarica (north-eastern part of Libya) 2002 Dafna region (Tobruk to Msaid) 2008 | Wadi Nesma region 2009 Wadis South of Mizda 2013 | |
| Bibliographic references: | |
| First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan: | |
| Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1977) Flora of Libya, Zygophyllaceae Vol. (38) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. | |
| Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest: | pdf files |
| Almushghub, F., Ahmed, D., Sharaf El-Din, A., Shaltout, k. (2022) Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya. Journal of Basic and Environmental Sciences, 9 (2022) 20-37. https://bit.ly/41ReGFx, https://jbesci.org/viewp.php?files=published/9.1.3.pdf&id=213, https://jbesci.org/published/9.1.3.pdf | Wadi Kaam 2022 |
| El-Karnawdy, F.O.M. & Swaisy, A.S.M. (2022) Current status of floristic structure in Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten City, Libya. Middle East International Conference on Contemporary Scientific Studies-VII-Beirut Arab University, Lebanon-March 3-4, 2022. https://www.middleeastconference.org/_files/ugd/614b1f_77fabd66c5054350a95423613bc913b6.pdf, https://www.middleeastconference.org/conference-books | Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten 2022 |
| El-karnawdy, F.O.M., Abogmiza, A.F.M., Alsouyid, H.M.M., Ajaj. K.A.K. (2022) Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast, Libya. 5th International African conference on current studies. February 2-5, 2022 Cairo, Egypt. | Zliten coast 2022 |
| Omar, N., El-Mghrbi, N.G., Rahil, R.O., Alaib, M.A., Alzerbi, A.K. (2021) Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya. Species-22(70), 2021. pp. (204-217). https://bit.ly/41TInWw, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/index.htm, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/A4.pdf | Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya 2021 |
| Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/, https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1 | An updated Marmarica Plateau flora 2021 |
| Al-Amrouni, M,M., Al-Zarbi, A., Al-Aeb, M. A. (2020) Study of vegetation cover in Sidi Amohamed forest north of the city of Al-Abyar in the Al-Jabal Al-Al-Akhdar. Libya. Journal of Quality Assurance for Scientific Research-The first issue-April-2020 (In Arabic). https://lqac.org.ly/index.php/april2020/, https://lqac.org.ly/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PDF-1.pdf | غابة سيدي أمحمد شمال مدينة الابيار2020 |
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| Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php, https://bit.ly/3LgL0KQ, https://scienceq.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JABZV7I304.pdf | Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya 2020 |
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| Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. https://bit.ly/3p26EuO, http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html | Floristic Study for Tarhuna 2018 |
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| Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic) http://www.asmarya.edu.ly/journal2/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JMSET06-3-1-20171.pdf | وادي كعام ومناطق اخري 2017 |
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