| Ricinus communis L., it is a large shrubby, 1-6 m high. Leaves palmately 5-U·lobed, lobes lanceolate dentate. Unequal, dark green, shiny with reddish nerves, petioles cylindrical, 10-40 cm long, reddish to greenish. Inflorescence axillary and terminal. Male flowers pedicellate, pedicels 3-10 mm long, calyx 6-Jobed, segments triangular-lanceolate. 0.5-1.2 cm long, stamens numerous, filaments 1.5 cm long, repeatedly branched, anthers yellow. Female flowers with calyx 3-parted. 5-7 mm long, ovary globular usually with soft projections; styles 3 bifid, 3-5 mm long, forming star shaped structure. Capsules 1-3 x 1.6-4.5 cm usually with conical projections, 0.5-1 cm long. Seeds 3, carunculate with smooth, hard, ornamentcd testa, 1-2 cm long. Life Form: N.Ph, Flowering in: Most of the year, Vern: Kharwa, Phytochoria: Cosm, The native range of this species is NE. Tropical Africa. Notes: Introduced in Libya, medicinal plant.
For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:355498-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/355498-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000297077, https://www.gbif.org/species/5380041, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/143294/ricinus-communis-l, https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ricinus_communis.htm, https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.47618, https://flora.org.il/en/plants/riccom/, https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/117806/tab/fiche, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus |
| Distribution in Libya | ||
| Al-Jafarah Plain | Zliten-Misurata Plain | Sirte Plains |
| Sabratha, Ganzour, Tripoli, Garaboully 1978 Sabrata 2008 Al-Hdaba Treatment Plant Tripoli 2016 Mallaha Wetland Tripoli 2016 Sidi-Omeer 2016 Sabratha region 2020 Coastal of Tripoli 2020 | Leptus Megna 2004 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006, 2008 Zliten (Wadi EL-Zekr) 2022 Zliten coast 2022 | Wadi Soofejeen 2017 |
| Benghazi Plain | Jabal Nafusa | Al-Jabal Al-Akhder |
| Wadi El-Enaghar 2021 | Gasar Akhiar, Ghanima 2016 Wadi Kaam 2017 Tarhuna (Msabha, Terghlat) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 Wadi Kaam (Main course) 2022 | Shahat, Derna 1973 Wadi Zaza 2003 Wadi El-Kouf 2014 Wadi El-Shees 2014 Wadi Zaza 2017 Wadi Derna 2017 Ain Mara 2020 Wadi Al-Kouf 2021 |
| Marmarica Plateau | Al-Kufra area | Ghat area |
| From Tobruk to Egyptian Border 1999 | Al-Kufra 2018 | Ghat (Between Acacus and Tassili Mountains) 2004 Wadi Tanezzuft 2012 |
| Bibliographic references: | |
| First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan: | |
| Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1982) Flora of Libya, Euphorbiaceae Vol. (89) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. | |
| Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest: | pdf files |
| Almushghub, F., Ahmed, D., Sharaf El-Din, A., Shaltout, k. (2022) Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya. Journal of Basic and Environmental Sciences, 9 (2022) 20-37. https://bit.ly/3AJ2ASJ , https://jbesci.org/viewp.php?files=published/9.1.3.pdf&id=213 , https://jbesci.org/published/9.1.3.pdf | Wadi Kaam 2022 |
| El-Karnawdy, F.O.M. & Swaisy, A.S.M. (2022) Current status of floristic structure in Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten City, Libya. Middle East International Conference on Contemporary Scientific Studies-VII-Beirut Arab University, Lebanon-March 3-4, 2022. https://www.middleeastconference.org/_files/ugd/614b1f_77fabd66c5054350a95423613bc913b6.pdf , https://www.middleeastconference.org/conference-books | Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten 2022 |
| El-karnawdy, F.O.M., Abogmiza, A.F.M., Alsouyid, H.M.M., Ajaj. K.A.K. (2022) Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast, Libya. 5th International African conference on current studies. February 2-5, 2022 Cairo, Egypt. | Zliten coast 2022 |
| Al-Traboulsi, M. & Alaib, M.A. (2021) A Survey of medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. NAT. CROAT, VOL. 30. No 2. (389-404), ZAGREB. December 31, 2021. https://hrcak.srce.hr/269442 / https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/390805 | Medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf 2021 |
| Omar, N., El-Mghrbi, N.G., Rahil, R.O., Alaib, M.A., Alzerbi, A.K. (2021) Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya. Species-22(70), 2021. pp. (204-217). https://bit.ly/41TInWw, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/index.htm, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/A4.pdf | Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya 2021 |
| Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/, https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1 | An updated Marmarica Plateau flora 2021 |
| Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://bit.ly/3Lop40u, https://scienceq.org/floristic-study-of-selected-districts-in-sabratha-region-libya.php | Sabratha region Libya 2020 |
| Al-Maqsabi, F. M. & Makhlouf, M. A. (2020) Vegetation cover in the Ain Mara region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region – Libya. The Libyan Journal of Science (An International Journal): Volume 23, 2020. (In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/article/view/122, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farag-Elmokasabi-2 | Vegetation Cover of Ain Mara 2020 |
| Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Biodiversity of the coastal flora of Tripoli Province. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 58: 13-19, 2020. BRC www.brc.amu.edu.pl, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/pdf-127341-54763?filename=Biodiversity%20of%20the.pdf, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/Issue-58-2020,9131 | coastal flora of Tripoli 2020 |
| Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php, https://bit.ly/3LgL0KQ, https://scienceq.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JABZV7I304.pdf | Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya 2020 |
| Beit Al-Mal, A. G. & El-Hadar, I. A. (2018) An analytical study of vegetation (Case Study: Targhalat, Tarhouna Municipality, Libya.Special issue of the second annual conference on theories and applications Basic and Biological Sciences. 1 September 2018. | الغطاء النباتي بترغلات ترهونه 2018 |
| Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. https://bit.ly/3p26EuO, http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html | Floristic Study for Tarhuna 2018 |
| Mohamed, M. I. & Bouhabbal, A.A. (2018) A study on plant diversity in the Kufra depression. The fifth Scientific Conference of Environment and Sustainable Development in the Arid and Semi- Arid Regions (ICESD) -From 23-25 July-2018. Ajdabiya University-Libya. (In Arabic) | |
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| Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic) http://www.asmarya.edu.ly/journal2/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/JMSET06-3-1-20171.pdf | وادي كعام ومناطق اخري 2017 |
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| Mahklouf, M.H. &Al-Sghair, F.G. (2016) Floristic and Inventory Study of Mallaha Wetland Tripoli – Libya. American Journal of Life Science Researches, Oct 2016, Volume 4, Issue 4.PP(119-123) https://bit.ly/3LJPNED, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf | Mallaha Wetland 2016 |
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| Shaltout ,K, Fawzy,M., Galal T., Awad M., El-Barasi Y., Saeed, B. (2014) Impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of Wadi El-Shees, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. FeddesRepertorium2014, 125, 1-13 DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201400023. http://uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/7a17e-094.pdf | Wadi El-Shees 2014 |
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