| Euphorbia terracina L., it is a perennial herb or small shrublet. glabrous, up to 70 cm long, erect to suberect. Simple or branched from the base. Leaves alternate, (10) 15-40 (-50) x (2-) 4-7 (-10)mm, linear-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, minutely to obscurely serrulate, very variable. Axillary rays 0-5. Ray-leaves resembling the upper cauline leaves, raylet leaves deltalc-rhombic. Sometimes slightly asymmetrical. Occasionally coarsely serrulate. Rays 4-5. up 10 5 times forked. Glands with 2 long, slender horns. Capsules 3·5 x 4-5 mm, deeply sulcate, smooth. Seeds 2-2.5 mm, ovoid, smooth, pale-grey or whitish. Life Form: Ch, Flowering in: Jan-May, Vern: Lebbana, Phytochoria: ES+MED+SA, The native range of this species is Macaronesia, Hungary to Medit. and Arabian Peninsula. Notes: Wild in Libya.
For more information: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348473-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/348473-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000965062, https://www.gbif.org/species/3064472, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/143232/euphorbia-terracina-l, https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile.php/4648, https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/euphorbia_terracina.htm, https://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2966 |
| Distribution in Libya | ||
| Al-Jafarah Plain | Zliten-Misurata Plain | Sirte Plains |
| Tripoli, (12 km) W. of Tripoli 1967 Tripoli 1976, 1977, 1978 Al-Hdaba Treatment Plant Tripoli 2016 Mallaha Wetland Tripoli 2016 Research station (faculties of Agriculture) 2017 Sabratha region 2020 Coastal of Tripoli 2020 Researches Station of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tripoli 2021 | Leptis Magna, Misurata 1967 Misurata 1978 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006,2008 Misurata (Sassu Valley) 2016 Wadi Kaam (Estuary) 2022 Zliten coast 2022 | Sirte 1978 (7 Km) SE of Sitre City 2008 Sirte 2015, 2016 Wadi Al-Hamar Region 2020 |
| Benghazi Plain | Jabal Nafusa | Marmarica Plateau |
| Jardina-Soloq Region 2020 | Kabao 1972 Gharian, Gasr Khiar, Sharshara, Misallata 1978 Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Tarhuna (Msaaed) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 | Reported in Marmarica north-eastern part of Libya by Pampanini 1930 |
| Bibliographic references: | |
| First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan: | |
| Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1982) Flora of Libya, Euphorbiaceae Vol. (89) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. | |
| Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest: | pdf files |
| Almushghub, F., Ahmed, D., Sharaf El-Din, A., Shaltout, k. (2022) Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya. Journal of Basic and Environmental Sciences, 9 (2022) 20-37. https://bit.ly/41ReGFx , https://jbesci.org/viewp.php?files=published/9.1.3.pdf&id=213, https://jbesci.org/published/9.1.3.pdf | Wadi Kaam 2022 |
| El-karnawdy, F.O.M., Abogmiza, A.F.M., Alsouyid, H.M.M., Ajaj. K.A.K. (2022) Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast, Libya. 5th International African conference on current studies. February 2-5, 2022 Cairo, Egypt. | Zliten coast 2022 |
| Al-Sghair, F.G. and Mahklouf, M.H. (2021) Vegetation Survey for Vascular Plants of Protected Area of the University of Tripoli-Libya. Species. Vol.22 (69), 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n69/index.htm, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n69/A1.pdf | Vegetation Survey of the University of Tripoli 2021 |
| Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/, https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1 | An updated Marmarica Plateau flora 2021 |
| Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://bit.ly/3Lop40u, https://scienceq.org/floristic-study-of-selected-districts-in-sabratha-region-libya.php | Sabratha region Libya 2020 |
| Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Biodiversity of the coastal flora of Tripoli Province. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 58: 13-19, 2020. BRC www.brc.amu.edu.pl, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/pdf-127341-54763?filename=Biodiversity%20of%20the.pdf, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/Issue-58-2020,9131 | coastal flora of Tripoli 2020 |
| Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php, https://bit.ly/3LgL0KQ, https://scienceq.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JABZV7I304.pdf | Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya 2020 |
| Omar, N.O.I., Alaib, M.A., El-Mghrbi, N.G., Alzerbi, A.K. (2020) Checklist of Flora and Floristic Study of Wadi Al-Hamar Region in Libya. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2), (2020) 20-24. https://bit.ly/3Vm38ro, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naser-Omar | Wadi Al-Hamar Region in Libya 2020 |
| Omar, N., Alai, M.A. & Al-Zerbi, A.K. (2020) A Survey of Weed Species of Barley Crop Fields in Farms of GMR Agricultural Project in Jardina-Soloq Region, Libya. Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences, Vol: 11, No: 1, P: 29-38, August. 2020. https://bit.ly/40Und9s, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naser-Omar, https://ljbs.omu.edu.ly/vol11no1august-2020/ | Weed Species of Jardina-Soloq Region 2020 |
| Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. https://bit.ly/3p26EuO, http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html | Floristic Study for Tarhuna 2018 |
| Nasif, M. A., Al-Ganoni, A. M., Knotch, O. M., Nafees. A. A. (2017) Survey of weeds in the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture-University of Tripoli. Libyan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, No. (1) Vol (22) p. (35-46). (In Arabic) https://www.ljagric.uot.edu.ly/lj/index.php/ljagric/article/view/89 | الحشائش في محطة ابحاث كلية الزراعة 2017 |
| Aljarroushi, M.M. & Almedham, K. E. (2016) Geographical distribution and Life form of plants in Sassu Valley, Misurata area, Libya. Al-satil Vol. 10 No. 15 March 2016. https://bit.ly/3Ntrqh6, https://search.mandumah.com/Record/813441 | Sassu Valley 2016 |
| Elsayed, N. (2016) Relationship between Vegetation and Soil Seed Bank at Protected Versus Unprotected Sites at Coastal Habitats in Libya.CATRINA (2016), 15 (1): 59-68. https://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=mSAskW0AAAAJ&hl=en , https://cat.journals.ekb.eg/article_18337_76652686b5c99f5fd479aebab87fbcb4.pdf | Surt region in Libya 2016 |
| Mahklouf, M.H. &Al-Sghair, F.G. (2016) Floristic and Inventory Study of Mallaha Wetland Tripoli – Libya. American Journal of Life Science Researches, Oct 2016, Volume 4, Issue 4.PP(119-123) https://bit.ly/3LJPNED, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf | Mallaha Wetland 2016 |
| Mahklouf, M. H. &Al Sghair, F. G. (2016) Biodiversity and Floristic Study of Al-Hdaba Treatment Plant Tripoli-Libya. American Journal of Life Science Researches, Original Article, pag. (101-103).Jul 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, DOI: 10.21859/ajlsr-040307. https://bit.ly/3M2nCCi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf | Biodiversity of Al-Hdaba Treatment 2016 |
| Elsayed M. A. N. (2015) Floristic Composition of the Plant Cover at Surt Region in Libya. Catrina (2015), 12 (1): 63-71-2010 By the Egyptian society for environmental SCIENCES. https://cat.journals.ekb.eg/article_18403_37c687e375b9144800a15704e68ebad7.pdf | Plant Cover at Surt Region 2015 |
| Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Al-Aib, M. A. and El-Shakhy, N. O. (2008) Weed flora of great man made river agriculture project (sirte). Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, Vol.102, Issue 3: 241-25. https://bit.ly/3njkLeH, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed-Alaib | |
| Baayo, Kh. A. (2008): Floristic composition and Phytochorological Analysis of Misratah area, Libya, Assiut Univ.J. of Botany 37(2), P-P. 33-78 (2008) | |
| Mohammed, S.A.H. (2008) A taxonomic and ecological study of the plants of the Shaafin Reserve in Masalatah. Master Thesis. Department of Biology-Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Al-Mirqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic) | |
| Al-Shf, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic) |
